Adolescense: Socioemotional Development in Adolescence
1 Families
a. Autonomy and Attachment
The ability to attain autonomy and gain control over one’s behavior in adolescence is acquired through approriate adult reactions to the adolescent’s desire for control.
Gender differences characterize autonomy-granting in adolescence with boys being given more independence than girls. In one recent study, this was especially true. Cultural differences also characterize adolesncent autonomy.
b. Parent-Adolescent Conflict
While attachment to parents remains strong during adolescence, the connectedness isn’t always smooth. Early adolescence is a time when conflict with parents escalates beyond childhood levels. Tis increase may be due to a number of factors: the biological changes of puberty, cognitive changes involving increased idealism and logical reaosoning, social change focused on independece and identity, maturational changes in parents and expectations that are violate by parents and adolescents. The adolescent compares her parents to an ideal standar and the criticizes their flaws.
Conflict with their parents increase in early adolescence, but it doesn’t each the cumultuous proportions G. Stanley Hall envisioned at the beginning of twentieth century. Rather, such of conflict involves the everyday events of family life, such as keeping a bedroom clean, dressing neatly, getting home by a certain time and not talking forever in phone. The conflict rarely involve major dilemmas, such as drugs and delinquency.
The everyday conflicts that characterize parent-adolescent relationships may actually serve a positive developmental function. These minor disputes and negotiations facilitate the adolescent’s transition from being dependent on parents to becoming an autonomous individual.
In sum, the old model of paren-adolescent relationships suggested that as adolescents mature they detach themselves from parents and move into a world of autonomy apart from paents. The old model also suggested that parent-adolescent conflict is intese and stressful throughiut adolescence. The nwe model emphasizesthat parents serve as important attachment figures and supprot systems as adolescents explore a wider, more complex social world. The new model also emphasizes that, in most families, parent-adolescent conflict is moderate rather than severe and that the everyday negotiations and minor disputes are normal and can serve the positive developmental function of helping the adolescent make the transition from childhood dependency to adult independence.
2 Peers
a. Friendship
Harry stack Sullivan was the most influential theorist to discuss the importance of adolescent friendships. He argued that there’s a dramatic increase in the psychological importance and intimacy of close friends in early adolescence. In contrast to other psychoanalytic theoriss’ narow emphasis on the important of parent-child relationship, Sullivan contended that friends also play important roles in shaping children;s and adolescents well-being and development. In terms of well-being, he argued that all people have a playful companionship, social acceptance, intimacy and sexual relations. Whether or not these needs are fulfilled largely determines our motional well-being.
Developmentally, friends beco,e increasingly depended on to satisfy these needs during adolescence; thus, the ups-and-downs of experiences with friends increasingly shape adolescents’ state of well-being. Altough most adolescents develop friendship with individuals who are close to their own age, some adolescents become best friends with younger or older individuals. A common fear, especially among parents, is that adolescents who have older friends will be encouraged to engage in delinquent behavior or early sexual behavior.
b. Peer Groups
There’s two type of the peer groups, there is:
Clique, a small grouo that range from 2 to about 12 individuals, averaging about 5 to 6 individuals, and can form because adolescents engage in similar activities. Somecliques also form beacuse of friendship. Several adolescents may fom a clique because they have spent time with each other and enjoy each other’s company.
Crowd, are a larger groups structure than cliques, a crowd is formed usually based on reputation and members may or may not spend much time together. Crowds are less personal than cliques. Many crowds are define by the activities adolescents engage in (such as “jocks” who ae good at sports or “druggies” who take drugs).
c. Dating and Romantic Relationships
Dating takes on added importance in adolescence, and it can have many functions. Younger adolescents often begin to hang out together in heterosexual groups. A special concern is early dating, which is linked with developmental problems. Male dating scripts are proactive, those of female reactive. Emotions are heavily involved in adolescent dating and romantic relationship. Culture can exert a powerful influence on adolescent things
Dating script, the cognitive models that adolescents and adults use to guide and evaluate dating interaction.
3 Adolescent Problems
a. Juvenile Delinquency
The label juvenile delinquent is applied to an adolescent who breaks the law or engage in behavior that considered illegal. Like other categories of disorders, juvenile delinquency is a broad concept; legal interactions range from littering to murder. Because the adolescent technically becomes a juvenile delinquent only aftr being judged guilty of a crime by a court of law, official reords don’t accurately reflect the number of illegal act juvenile delinquents commit.
There are three developmental pathway to delinquency were:
- Authority conflict. Youth on this pathway showed stubboenness prior to age 12, then moved on defiance and avoidance of authority.
- Covert. This pathway included minor covert acts, such as lying, followed by property damage and moderately seious delinquency then serious delinquency.
- Overt. This pathway included minor aggression followed by fighting and violence.
The causes of delinquency have been proposed, including heredity, identity problems, socioeconomic status, community influences and family experiences.
b. Depression and Suicide
Depression
Depression is more likely to occur in adolescence than in childhood. Also, adolescent girls consistently have higher rates of depression than adolescent boys. Among reason for this sex difference are that
- Female tend ruminate in their depressed mood and amplify it.
- Females’ self-images.
- Female face more discrimination than males do.
- Puberty occur earlier for girls than for boys.
Suicide
Suicidal behavior is rare in childhood bur escalates in ealry adolescence. Suicide is the third leading cause of the death today among adolescents 13 through 19 years of age.
a. Autonomy and Attachment
The ability to attain autonomy and gain control over one’s behavior in adolescence is acquired through approriate adult reactions to the adolescent’s desire for control.
Gender differences characterize autonomy-granting in adolescence with boys being given more independence than girls. In one recent study, this was especially true. Cultural differences also characterize adolesncent autonomy.
b. Parent-Adolescent Conflict
While attachment to parents remains strong during adolescence, the connectedness isn’t always smooth. Early adolescence is a time when conflict with parents escalates beyond childhood levels. Tis increase may be due to a number of factors: the biological changes of puberty, cognitive changes involving increased idealism and logical reaosoning, social change focused on independece and identity, maturational changes in parents and expectations that are violate by parents and adolescents. The adolescent compares her parents to an ideal standar and the criticizes their flaws.
Conflict with their parents increase in early adolescence, but it doesn’t each the cumultuous proportions G. Stanley Hall envisioned at the beginning of twentieth century. Rather, such of conflict involves the everyday events of family life, such as keeping a bedroom clean, dressing neatly, getting home by a certain time and not talking forever in phone. The conflict rarely involve major dilemmas, such as drugs and delinquency.
The everyday conflicts that characterize parent-adolescent relationships may actually serve a positive developmental function. These minor disputes and negotiations facilitate the adolescent’s transition from being dependent on parents to becoming an autonomous individual.
In sum, the old model of paren-adolescent relationships suggested that as adolescents mature they detach themselves from parents and move into a world of autonomy apart from paents. The old model also suggested that parent-adolescent conflict is intese and stressful throughiut adolescence. The nwe model emphasizesthat parents serve as important attachment figures and supprot systems as adolescents explore a wider, more complex social world. The new model also emphasizes that, in most families, parent-adolescent conflict is moderate rather than severe and that the everyday negotiations and minor disputes are normal and can serve the positive developmental function of helping the adolescent make the transition from childhood dependency to adult independence.
2 Peers
a. Friendship
Harry stack Sullivan was the most influential theorist to discuss the importance of adolescent friendships. He argued that there’s a dramatic increase in the psychological importance and intimacy of close friends in early adolescence. In contrast to other psychoanalytic theoriss’ narow emphasis on the important of parent-child relationship, Sullivan contended that friends also play important roles in shaping children;s and adolescents well-being and development. In terms of well-being, he argued that all people have a playful companionship, social acceptance, intimacy and sexual relations. Whether or not these needs are fulfilled largely determines our motional well-being.
Developmentally, friends beco,e increasingly depended on to satisfy these needs during adolescence; thus, the ups-and-downs of experiences with friends increasingly shape adolescents’ state of well-being. Altough most adolescents develop friendship with individuals who are close to their own age, some adolescents become best friends with younger or older individuals. A common fear, especially among parents, is that adolescents who have older friends will be encouraged to engage in delinquent behavior or early sexual behavior.
b. Peer Groups
There’s two type of the peer groups, there is:
Clique, a small grouo that range from 2 to about 12 individuals, averaging about 5 to 6 individuals, and can form because adolescents engage in similar activities. Somecliques also form beacuse of friendship. Several adolescents may fom a clique because they have spent time with each other and enjoy each other’s company.
Crowd, are a larger groups structure than cliques, a crowd is formed usually based on reputation and members may or may not spend much time together. Crowds are less personal than cliques. Many crowds are define by the activities adolescents engage in (such as “jocks” who ae good at sports or “druggies” who take drugs).
c. Dating and Romantic Relationships
Dating takes on added importance in adolescence, and it can have many functions. Younger adolescents often begin to hang out together in heterosexual groups. A special concern is early dating, which is linked with developmental problems. Male dating scripts are proactive, those of female reactive. Emotions are heavily involved in adolescent dating and romantic relationship. Culture can exert a powerful influence on adolescent things
Dating script, the cognitive models that adolescents and adults use to guide and evaluate dating interaction.
3 Adolescent Problems
a. Juvenile Delinquency
The label juvenile delinquent is applied to an adolescent who breaks the law or engage in behavior that considered illegal. Like other categories of disorders, juvenile delinquency is a broad concept; legal interactions range from littering to murder. Because the adolescent technically becomes a juvenile delinquent only aftr being judged guilty of a crime by a court of law, official reords don’t accurately reflect the number of illegal act juvenile delinquents commit.
There are three developmental pathway to delinquency were:
- Authority conflict. Youth on this pathway showed stubboenness prior to age 12, then moved on defiance and avoidance of authority.
- Covert. This pathway included minor covert acts, such as lying, followed by property damage and moderately seious delinquency then serious delinquency.
- Overt. This pathway included minor aggression followed by fighting and violence.
The causes of delinquency have been proposed, including heredity, identity problems, socioeconomic status, community influences and family experiences.
b. Depression and Suicide
Depression
Depression is more likely to occur in adolescence than in childhood. Also, adolescent girls consistently have higher rates of depression than adolescent boys. Among reason for this sex difference are that
- Female tend ruminate in their depressed mood and amplify it.
- Females’ self-images.
- Female face more discrimination than males do.
- Puberty occur earlier for girls than for boys.
Suicide
Suicidal behavior is rare in childhood bur escalates in ealry adolescence. Suicide is the third leading cause of the death today among adolescents 13 through 19 years of age.
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